Simple cysts are thin-walled with thin internal septa whereas complicated cysts have thick walls, multiple septa, and fluid containing echogenic debris. Complications include hemorrhage, ruptures, and loose bodies.
The bursa may be divided into two compartments (the semimembranosus bursa and the gastrocnemius bursa) by a central septum. This type of cyst has a characteristic crescent shape and involves the medial border of the gastrocnemius muscle and the semimembranosus tendon. The aim of this article is to review the sonographic appearances of common disorders involving the tendons, ligaments, muscles, menisci, synovium, cartilage, and soft tissues of the knee joint. Findings can be correlated with the point of maximal tenderness and readily compared with those obtained in the contralateral joint. The patient lies supine on the examining table with both knees exposed. Ultrasound examinations of the knee joint are usually performed using a high-frequency linear transducer (7.5–12 MHz). Its major disadvantage is its operator-dependence: it requires trained experienced hands with appropriate high-resolution equipment. The advantages of ultrasound include low cost, portability, real-time assessment, and facilitated side-by-side comparisons. Color and power Doppler techniques can be used to measure neovascularization within the synovial lining of the joints, tendons, and soft-tissue masses. It can provide clinically useful information on a wide range of pathologic conditions affecting components of the knee joint, including the tendons, ligaments, muscles, synovial space, articular cartilage, and surrounding soft tissues. Ultrasonography is a noninvasive imaging modality used for the assessment of the musculoskeletal system.
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